Pobojnost namjernog oštećenja vjerovnika stečajnog dužnika
Dr. sc. Antun Bilić, docent Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Trg Republike Hrvatske 14, 10000 Zagreb; antun.bilic@pravo.hr; ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5144-0821
Dr. sc. Marko Bratković, docent Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Trg Republike Hrvatske 14, 10000 Zagreb; marko.bratkovic@pravo.hr; ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0893-6682
Sažetak
Iz prakse je hrvatskih sudova razvidno da je namjerno oštećenje vjerovnika stečajnog dužnika (čl. 202. Stečajnog zakona) najčešće korištena osnova pobijanja pravnih radnji stečajnog dužnika. Po toj se osnovi mogu pobijati sve pravne radnje poduzete u kritičnom razdoblju od čak deset godina prije podnošenja prijedloga za otvaranje (pred)stečajnog postupka pa sve do otvaranja stečajnog postupka. Ovlašteni pobijatelj, međutim, u parnici ima nelak zadatak dokazati ne samo da je dužnik radnju poduzeo s namjerom oštećenja vjerovnika nego i da je protivnik pobijanja za tu namjeru znao. Te se subjektivne pretpostavke u postupku utvrđuju na temelju objektivnih indicija koji su u središtu analize ovog rada. Kritička ocjena domaće sudske prakse mogla bi pripomoći njezinu ujednačenju te poslužiti kao putokaz ovlaštenim pobijateljima koje je pravne radnje oportuno pobijati.
Ključne riječi: pobijanje pravnih radnji stečajnog dužnika, namjera oštećenja vjerovnika, znanje o namjeri oštećenja vjerovnika, izravno oštećenje stečajnih vjerovnika, (prijeteća) nesposobnost za plaćanje
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.71.34.05
Hrčak ID: 266121
URI: https://hrcak.srce.hr/266121
Stranice: 443-476
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Contestability of Intentional Disadvantaging the Creditors of an Insolvent Debtor
Antun Bilić, Ph. D., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Trg Republike Hrvatske 14, 10000 Zagreb; antun.bilic@pravo.hr; ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5144-0821
Marko Bratković, Ph. D., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Trg Republike Hrvatske 14, 10000 Zagreb; marko.bratkovic@pravo.hr; ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0893-6682
Summary
It is clear from the case law of Croatian courts that intentional disadvantaging the creditors (regulated in Article 202 of the Insolvency Act) is the most commonly used ground for contesting the legal transactions of an insolvent debtor. On this ground, all legal transactions undertaken in the suspect period of as long as ten years before the submission of the application for opening (pre-)insolvency proceedings until the opening insolvency proceedings can be contested. The authorized contester, however, in litigation has a tall order of proving not only that the debtor took action with the intent to disadvantage its creditors but also that the opponent of the contestation was aware of that intent. The debtor’s intent to disadvantage its creditors and the awareness of the opponent of the contestation are both determined on the basis of objective indications that are at the heart of the analysis of this paper. Incongruent settlement, the unequal value of consideration, unusual contractual clauses, the proximity of the insolvency debtor and the opponent of the contestation, and the debtor’s (threatening) inability to pay his debts are most often recognized in case law as indications of intentional disadvantaging the creditors of an insolvent debtor. In addition to certain objections to the normative regulation of the institute itself, especially regarding the drafting of presumptions that make it easier to prove the contester’s awareness of the debtor’s intention to disadvantage its creditors, the paper presents a critical assessment of case law that could facilitate its harmonization and serve as a guide to authorized contesters as to whether it is appropriate to engage in contestation or not.
Keywords: contesting the legal transactions of an insolvent debtor, intent to disadvantage the creditors, awareness of the intent to disadvantage the creditors, legal transactions immediately disadvantaging the insolvency creditors, (threatening) inability to meet payments
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.71.34.05
Hrčak ID: 266121
URI: https://hrcak.srce.hr/266121
Pages: 443-476