Ostvarivanje arbitražnih odluka u rimskom pravu

Ivan Milotić, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska; ivan.milotic@pravo.hr

Sažetak
Arbitražni postupak u rimskome pravu završava arbitrovom odlukom, no funkcija i smisao arbitraže nastaju tek njezinim ostvarivanjem. Najraširenije vrste arbitraža u rimskome pravu bile su ili isključivo ili prevladavajuće privatni postupci koji su završavali arbitrovom odlukom koja nije bila ostvariva prisilom rimske države. Budući da je arbitrova odluka u rimskome pravu sve do 530. godine bila pravno nesankcionirana kategorija, u arbitražnoj praksi razvio se niz mehanizama kojima se posrednim putem postizala vezanost stranaka odlukom arbitra. Time se ujedno na različite načine postizao i temeljni smisao arbitraže u rimskom pravu. U ovome se radu ovisno o pojedinoj vrsti arbitraže rimskoga prava (boni viri i ex compromisso) analizira način ostvarivanja arbitrove odluke.

Ključne riječi: arbitraža; arbitar; arbitražna odluka; rimsko pravo

Full text: http://hrcak.srce.hr/176328

Stranice: 785-809

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Enforcement of Arbitral Awards in Roman Law

Ivan Milotić, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; ivan.milotic@pravo.hr

Summary

The main goal of arbitration in Roman law was to render the arbitral award and, afterwards, to assure its enforcement. The problem of its enforcement in Roman law should be observed from the viewpoint of the legal nature of the award. Arbitrations handled by boni viri and those arranged ex compromisso were private proceedings which ended in arbitral awards that were legally unsanctioned. This meant that their enforcement overseen by the authority of the Roman state was not available. From its earliest period Roman law developed a range of legal mechanisms by which the enforcement of such awards was achieved indirectly. In arbitration handled by boni viri this goal was achieved by way of non-legal pressure exerted by the social environment. By using this means the society gave authority and non-legal binding force to arbitrations boni viri. In case of arbitration ex compromisso (the most common type of arbitration in classical and pre-classical Rome) enforcement of an arbitral award was achieved by stipulating a conventional penalty in the arbitral agreement. The conventional penalty was a predictable property loss addressed to the party who had abandoned arbitration or refused to execute the arbitral award. In 530 AD several imperial constitutions of the emperor Justinian recognized arbitration ex compromisso by providing a legal sanction. By introducing this legal regime Justinian proclaimed enforceability of the arbitral awards emerging from arbitration ex compromisso. On the other side, arbitration handled by boni viri continued to exist as a legally unsanctioned category of dispute resolution, which meant that the arbitral awards emerging form this type of procedure were not enforceable by state authority.

Key words: arbitration; arbitrator; arbitral award; Roman law

Full text: http://hrcak.srce.hr/176328

Pages: 785-809